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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD (LDD)
A language development disorder (LDD) is an impairment in the learning of the native language/language. The areas of communication, grammar, language comprehension and phonology can be affected. Often, LDD involves impairments in several areas at the same time. LDD occurs at the beginning or during the course of language development and describes a qualitative and quantitative developmental anomaly.
With a phonological disorder, the sounds within the words are not correctly identified and thus incorrectly formed. Motorically, the malformed sound can be formed in isolation.
Example: Teddy -> Keddy
Lexical disorders affect vocabulary building, i.e. the number and type of words acquired. The first words are acquired at around 12-13 months of age. By 19-24 months, children should have acquired about 50 words productively. After the first 50 productively acquired words, children enter the so-called vocabulary spurt and rapidly expand their vocabulary in a very short time.
In semantic disorders, word meaning is affected. Children with a semantic disorder have difficulty correctly storing acquired words and linking them to existing words to form categories in memory. Semantic disorders often occur in conjunction with lexical disorder.
In a grammatical disorder, the children’s grammar is impaired. This means grammar within sentences as well as word grammar.
SPEECH DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD
A speech disorder can be divided into two groups. On the one hand there are the organic speech disorders and on the other hand the functional speech disorders. However, both have in common that the sounds cannot be formed correctly by the motor system and the children acquire a compensation strategy. In therapy, the children must first learn the correct way to form sounds.
In order to be able to pronounce a sound, there is a precise motor sequence plan. Each sound has its own motor sequence. However, since the wrong patterns are stored, it takes a little more time to learn the new patterns and store them as well.
In the case of an organic speech disorder, the cause for the incorrect motor sequences is not a wrongly learned sequence, but the motor inability to form the sounds due to a deformation of the articulation organs.
An example of this is the cleft lip and palate.
BIn the case of a functional speech disorder, the sounds cannot be formed correctly due to a wrong motoric stored sequence.
An example of this is lisping – in lisping, the tongue can slip through the teeth when forming the sibilants and is therefore not formed accurately.
MYOFUNCTIONAL DISORDERS
In myofunctional disorder, there is an imbalance of muscles in the face and mouth area. This imbalance occurs in that some muscles are stronger while others are weaker. As a result, motor processes cannot be coordinated properly.
FLUENCY DISORDERS
A fluency disorder is an impairment in the flow of speech, this is divided into stuttering and poluttering.
Stuttering is an interruption in the flow of speech. These interruptions can be audible or silent repetitions of sounds, syllables and words, stretching and blocking.
Accompanying symptoms can be, for example, muscle tension or co-movement, but also avoidance of eye contact.
Poluttering manifests itself in an overhasty speech tempo, often increased to the point of incomprehensibility. In addition, there are omissions of syllables and sounds, substitutions of certain sounds and mergers of sounds and syllables.
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